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- $Unique_ID{BRK03682}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Dysphonia, Chronic Spasmodic}
- $Subject{Dysphonia Chronic Spasmodic Dysphonia Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia
- Adductor Spastic Dysphonia Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia Abductor Spastic
- Dysphonia Dysphonia Spastica CSD}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 325:
- Dysphonia, Chronic Spasmodic
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Chronic Spasmodic
- Dysphonia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing
- to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Dysphonia
- Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia
- Adductor Spastic Dysphonia
- Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia
- Abductor Spastic Dysphonia
- Dysphonia Spastica
- CSD
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Chronic Spasmodic Dysphonia (CSD) is characterized by a difficulty in
- speaking that resembles stuttering. It is caused by excessively vigorous
- drawing together (adduction) or apart (abduction) of the vocal cords. The
- voice sounds hoarse, soft and strained.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Chronic Spasmodic Dysphonia is a rare disorder of speech characterized by
- uncontrolled pitch breaks (vocal spasms), a great deal of effort in speaking,
- and uncontrolled intermittent hoarseness. Patients experience tightness of
- the throat, and the need to push in order to force their voice out. Onset
- usually occurs between 20 and 60 years of age.
-
- A milder subtype of CSD is characterized by difficulty with controlling
- speech following certain sounds such as "P", "T", and "K".
-
- In the most severe form of CSD patients may be unable to produce any
- normal sound (aphonia). Consequently, they may speak primarily in a whisper.
- Often, coughing, laughing, and sometimes singing are less affected than
- speaking.
-
- The breathing pattern in CSD is abnormal. Symptoms are gradually
- progressive over the first 2 years after which they usually stabilize.
- Symptoms commonly worsen with stress. The disorder usually remains chronic
- without marked changes over a period of years.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Chronic Spasmodic Dysphonia is not known. The adduction
- or abduction of the vocal cords may possibly be caused by an impairment of
- part of the brain (the brain stem).
-
- In about 60% of patients, onset of symptoms of CSD follows a severe upper
- respiratory infection with laryngitis.
-
- The disorder may also occur subsequent to head injury or prolonged use of
- certain drugs (phenothiazines). Some patients may have associated movement
- disorders such as Tardive Dyskinesia, Oral-Facial Dystonia, Torticollis, or
- Essential Tremor, which developed either prior to or after the onset of
- Spasmodic Dysphonia.
-
- Diagnosis of Chronic Spasmodic Dysphonia usually includes indirect
- laryngoscopy to rule out vocal cord structural abnormalities such as nodules,
- polyps or tumors.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Chronic Spasmodic Dysphonia affects both men and women, usually between the
- ages of twenty to sixty years.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Chronic Stuttering is characterized by a speech pattern of frequent
- repetitions or prolongations of sounds, syllables, or words, or by frequent
- unusual hesitations and pauses that disrupt rhythmic flow of speech. The
- disorder usually appears before age 12 and is often familial.
-
- Essential Voice Tremor is part of Benign Essential Tremor syndrome. It
- is an involuntary movement of the vocal cords produced by rhythmic alternate
- contractions of opposing laryngeal muscles. Fine to moderate tremors of
- other muscles, the hands or head may also occur. These related tremors all
- appear during adolescence or later in successive family generations. There
- are no physical (pathologic) findings. Voluntary movement and emotion tend
- to increase the tremor. (For more information, choose "Benign Essential
- Tremor" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Vocal Cord Polyps is a common condition which may result in hoarseness
- and a breathy voice quality. The polyps may be caused by voice abuse,
- chronic laryngeal allergies, or irritation of the vocal cords by industrial
- fumes or cigarette smoke.
-
- Vocal Cord Nodules (Singer's, Teacher's, or Screamer's Nodules) may be
- caused by chronic voice abuse, or using an unnaturally low voice. The
- nodules are concentrations of connective tissue on the vocal cords. They
- result in hoarseness and a breathy voice quality.
-
- Vocal Cord Paralysis may result from lesions in several locations in the
- brain, the 10th cranial nerve (nervus vagus), the laryngeal nerves, or from
- neck or chest (thoracic) lesions, neurotoxins such as lead, infections such
- as diphtheria, or viral illness. Vocal cord paralysis usually results in
- loss of vocal cord abduction or adduction. The disorder may affect speech,
- respiration, and swallowing.
-
- In Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis the voice is hoarse and breathy. In
- bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis the voice is very soft (of limited intensity)
- but of good quality. However, difficulty breathing with wheezing may occur
- on moderate exertion.
-
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx is the most common malignant
- laryngeal tumor. The earliest symptom of this disorder is usually
- hoarseness. Early treatment with radiation or surgery of the vocal cords
- (cordectomy) usually results in an 85-95% chance of cure.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- The symptoms of Chronic Spasmodic Dysphonia sometimes improve when one of the
- recurrent laryngeal nerves is cut. The voice quality may return to normal
- and relief from the physical effort to talk may be obtained. However, the
- nerve can grow back 3-9 months after surgery, resulting in return of
- symptoms. Approximately 40% of patients have had long-term benefits from
- this surgery. An estimated 40% of patients will benefit from treatment with
- the antihypertensive drug propranolol. Speech therapy can be of benefit to
- patients in conjunction with drug and surgical treatments.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Researchers at twelve treatment centers including the National Institute of
- Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) are currently treating
- adults who suffer from Chronic Spasmodic Dysphonia with an orphan drug,
- botulinum A toxin (Botox). This orphan drug is injected in a part of the
- cartilage of the larynx (thyroarytenoid) on one side, at intervals of several
- weeks. To date, this procedure has been beneficial in all test cases, with
- varying degrees of hoarseness and swallowing difficulties as side effects,
- depending upon dosage. Symptoms usually return after 2 to 3 months and
- reinjections are required every 2 to 3 months to maintain the therapeutic
- benefit. Botox is manufactured by Oculinum, Inc. and is distributed by
- Allergan.
-
-
- Adults over 18 years of age who have had dysphonia for more than 2 years
- may contact researchers listed below if they wish to participate in research
- projects on Spasmodic Dysphonia.
-
- Dr. Christy Ludlow
- NIH/National Institute of Deafness &
- Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- Speech Pathology Unit
- Bldg. 10, Room 5N226
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-9365
- or
- Andrew Blitzer, M.D.
- Professor, Clinical Otolaryngology and Vice-Chairman
- College of Physicians and Surgeons
- Columbia University
- New York, NY 10032
-
- The following agency is conducting research on Spasmodic Dysphonia as
- well as other debilitating communicative disorders. Physicians with patients
- who may be interested in the study may contact:
-
- Dr. Sandra Chapman
- Callier Center for Communicative Disorders
- Dallas Center for Vocal Motor Control
- 1966 Inwood Rd.
- Dallas, TX 75235
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- June 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Chronic Spasmodic Dysphonia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association
- P.O. Box 1574
- Birmingham, MI 48009-1574
-
- Our Voice Spasmodic Dysphonia Newsletter
- 165 - 5th Ave., Suite 1033
- New York, NY 10010-7002
- (212) 929-4299
- (212) 929-4397
-
- VOCAL (Voluntary Organization for Communication and Language)
- 336 Brixton Road
- London SW9
- England
-
- Dr. Christy Ludlow
- Speech Pathology Unit
- NIH/National Institute of Deafness & Other Communication Disorders
- (NIDCD)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bldg. 10, Room 5N226
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-9365
-
- Andrew Blitzer, M.D.
- Professor, Clinical Otolaryngology and Vice-Chairman
- College of Professors and Surgeons
- Columbia University
- New York, NY 10032
-
- Dystonia Clinical Research Center at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital
- 710 W. 168th St.
- New York, NY 10032
-
- Dystonia Medical Research
- One E. Wacker Dr., Suite 2900
- Chicago, IL 60601-2001
- (312) 755-0198
-
- References
-
- DIAGNOSTIC & STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, 3rd ed: American
- Psychiatric Association, 1980. P. 79.
-
-